• Battery racks: Racks composed of different cells that convert electrical energy to chemical energy. Different technologies exist, the most popular being Lead-Acid or Lithium-Ion.
  电池架：由不同电池组成的架，将电能转化为化学能。存在不同的技术，最流行的是铅酸或锂离子。
• BESS: Battery Energy Storage Systems are composed of a Power Conversion System (PCS) and batteries.
  BESS：电池储能系统由电源转换系统（PCS）和电池组成。
• EMS: An Energy Management System is a controller able to execute a high-level strategy decided by the final user.
  EMS：能源管理系统是能够执行最终用户决定的高级策略的控制器。
• Solar power plants: In this article, the term refers to large-scale solar installations with a capacity greater than 1 MWp, including grid-tied systems, off-grid cities and remote islands, and isolated industrial sites such as off-grid mines.
  太阳能发电厂：在本文中，该术语指容量大于1MWp的大型太阳能装置，包括并网系统、离网城市和偏远岛屿以及离网矿山等孤立的工业场地。

Broadly, these installations fall into two categories: grid-tied and off-grid solar power plants.
一般来说，这些装置分为两类：并网太阳能发电厂和离网太阳能发电厂。

In grid-tied applications, national Distribution System Operators (DSOs) aim to reduce the intermittency of solar energy production. Batteries can help address this issue by stabilising energy output and enhancing grid reliability.
在并网应用中，国家配电系统运营商 (DSO) 旨在减少太阳能生产的间歇性。电池可以通过稳定能量输出和增强电网可靠性来帮助解决这个问题。

In off-grid applications, such as remote cities, islands, or mining operations, electricity is primarily generated by thermal power plants. However, fuel costs are high and volatile due to fluctuations in global oil prices and logistical or security costs.
在离网应用中，例如偏远城市、岛屿或采矿作业，电力主要由火力发电厂产生。然而，由于全球石油价格和物流或安全成本的波动，燃料成本高昂且不稳定。

To reduce this dependence on fossil fuels, energy suppliers are increasingly integrating local energy provisions, such as PV plus storage, with their existing diesel gensets. This hybrid approach lowers fuel consumption, enhances energy reliability, and reduces operating costs.
为了减少对化石燃料的依赖，能源供应商越来越多地将当地的能源供应（例如光伏+存储）与其现有的柴油发电机组相结合。这种混合方法降低了燃料消耗，提高了能源可靠性，并降低了运营成本。

2. Advantages of Energy Storage Systems for Power Plants
2. 电厂储能系统的优势

BESS systems, when combined with other power sources, can serve a variety of applications depending on the sizing of PV, batteries, and genset, but also on the load curve and specific client requirements.
BESS 系统与其他电源结合使用时，可以根据光伏、电池和发电机组的规模以及负载曲线和特定客户要求来服务于各种应用。

Within the context of power plants, BESS provides the following features:
在发电厂的背景下，BESS 提供以下功能：

Increased Reliability提高可靠性

Storage can be used for backup purposes. When the grid is down, storage can respond instantaneously and take over supplying energy. This is an essential feature for industries where constant production is crucial, as electrical blackouts can damage expensive equipment, such as in the mining industry. For this reason, it is important to select a Power Conversion System with an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) function for your BESS.
存储可用于备份目的。当电网出现故障时，储能可以立即响应并接管供电。对于持续生产至关重要的行业来说，这是一个基本特征，因为停电可能会损坏昂贵的设备，例如采矿业。因此，为 BESS 选择具有不间断电源 (UPS) 功能的电源转换系统非常重要。

Reduced Fuel Consumption
减少燃油消耗

BESS stores excess solar energy generated during the day and delivers it during peak demand periods, often during the night in remote cities, villages, and tourist resorts. This means they don’t need to rely on diesel generators to produce power when stored energy is available. In many countries and remote locations, PV plus storage is now more cost-effective than using fuel alone.
BESS 存储白天产生的多余太阳能，并在需求高峰期（通常是在偏远城市、村庄和旅游胜地的夜间）提供这些能量。这意味着当储存的能量可用时，他们不需要依赖柴油发电机来发电。在许多国家和偏远地区，光伏加存储现在比单独使用燃料更具成本效益。

Increased Solar Penetration
增加太阳能穿透力

When PV production is higher than load consumption, BESS can store the excess production during the day to use it for other services. The right sizing between PV, batteries, and gensets is mandatory to maximise PV penetration.
当光伏发电量高于负荷消耗时，BESS可以在白天存储多余的发电量以用于其他服务。为了最大限度地提高光伏发电的渗透率，必须在光伏发电、电池和发电机组之间进行正确的选型。

Behind-the-Meter Services
用户侧服务

In some countries, utility pricing structures make BESS installations financially attractive:
在一些国家，公用事业定价结构使 BESS 装置具有经济吸引力：

• Load shifting: When utilities apply time-of-use tariffs, such as peak and off-peak rates, BESS in combination with an EMS can charge during low-cost periods and discharge during high-cost periods to reduce energy bills.
  负荷转移：当公用事业公司采用分时电价（例如高峰和非高峰电价）时，BESS 与 EMS 结合可以在低成本时段充电，在高成本时段放电，以减少能源费用。
• Peak shaving: For industrial consumers with high demand charges, BESS can discharge strategically during peak usage periods, helping maintain power consumption below the utility’s maximum demand threshold and avoiding costly peak penalties.
  调峰：对于需求费用较高的工业消费者，BESS 可以在高峰使用期间进行策略性放电，帮助将电力消耗保持在公用事业公司的最大需求阈值以下，并避免代价高昂的高峰处罚。

In-Front-of-the-Meter Services
表前服务

For grid-tied applications, some countries have utility services markets that may allow a BESS to be profitable:
对于并网应用，一些国家拥有公用事业服务市场，可以使 BESS 盈利：

• Utilities can purchase solar and BESS energy during the evening with a bonus fee. This avoids running peak plants that can be expensive and polluting. This pricing model is used, for example, in France in non-connected islands (ZNI) where solar and BESS systems have been installed in recent years.
  公用事业公司可以在晚上以额外费用购买太阳能和 BESS 能源。这样可以避免高峰期工厂的运行，因为这可能会造成昂贵的成本和污染。例如，法国的非连通岛屿 (ZNI) 近年来安装了太阳能和 BESS 系统，就采用了这种定价模式。
• Utilities can pay for frequency regulation services. When the grid’s frequency is low or high, BESS can be discharged or charged accordingly to stabilise the overall frequency of the national grid.
  公用事业公司可以支付频率调节服务费用。当电网频率较低或较高时，BESS可以进行相应的放电或充电，以稳定国家电网的整体频率。

These services can be combined and customised to meet specific client requirements. Implementing an EMS is essential to ensure the project’s profitability, efficiency, and long-term viability.
这些服务可以组合和定制，以满足特定客户的要求。实施环境管理体系对于确保项目的盈利能力、效率和长期生存能力至关重要。

3. Characteristics and Limitations of Energy Management Systems
3. 能源管理系统的特点和局限性

As mentioned above, energy management systems are key to the profitability of a project. The EMS is the central factor that:
如上所述，能源管理系统是项目盈利的关键。 EMS 的核心因素是：

• Actively monitors the system’s performance at the device level, including PV inverters, battery PCS, genset controllers, meters, and weather stations.
  主动监控设备级别的系统性能，包括光伏逆变器、电池 PCS、发电机组控制器、仪表和气象站。
• Displays operating information via various interfaces using industrial protocols such as Modbus.
  使用 Modbus 等工业协议通过各种接口显示操作信息。
• Offers multiple automated modes of operation to meet client requirements.
  提供多种自动化操作模式以满足客户需求。

Different EMS providers exist. Some companies offer Battery Energy Storage Systems with a built-in EMS, while others, like Elum Energy, provide a standalone EMS that is compatible with most leading BESS solutions.
存在不同的 EMS 提供商。一些公司提供内置 EMS 的电池储能系统，而 Elum Energy 等其他公司提供与大多数领先的 BESS 解决方案兼容的独立 EMS。

Compatibility兼容性

Ensuring EMS compatibility with BESS systems, PV inverters, and genset controllers is crucial for the success of any hybrid energy project. In many cases, gensets are existing, brownfield assets that must be seamlessly integrated into the new system.
确保 EMS 与 BESS 系统、光伏逆变器和发电机组控制器的兼容性对于任何混合能源项目的成功至关重要。在许多情况下，发电机组是现有的棕地资产，必须无缝集成到新系统中。

For solar developers and EPCs, having a flexible EMS that supports a wide range of equipment allows for optimal system design. This flexibility enables teams to select the best-performing and most cost-effective PV inverters and battery storage systems based on project-specific requirements such as location, budget, and energy demand.
对于太阳能开发商和 EPC 而言，拥有支持各种设备的灵活 EMS 可以实现最佳的系统设计。这种灵活性使团队能够根据项目特定要求（例如位置、预算和能源需求）选择性能最佳、最具成本效益的光伏逆变器和电池存储系统。

Conformity with Client Requirements
符合客户要求

In sectors like utilities and mining, client requirements often come with strict technical constraints that can make or break a project. Choosing an EMS that can be customised to specific site configurations is a major advantage when bidding for microgrid or hybrid energy projects.
在公用事业和采矿业等领域，客户的要求通常带有严格的技术限制，这可能会影响项目的成败。在竞标微电网或混合能源项目时，选择可根据特定站点配置进行定制的 EMS 是一个主要优势。

Key considerations include:
主要考虑因素包括：

• Control of relays and loads: The EMS must be capable of managing breaker operations, opening or closing relays based on the system’s operating mode, to ensure safe and efficient load control.
  继电器和负载控制：EMS必须能够管理断路器操作，根据系统的运行模式打开或关闭继电器，以确保安全高效的负载控制。
• Support for non-standard site architectures: Many sites have existing, brownfield electrical infrastructure. The EMS must adapt to these unique configurations, taking into account pre-installed equipment and ensuring full interoperability with legacy systems.
  支持非标准站点架构：许多站点都有现有的棕地电力基础设施。 EMS 必须适应这些独特的配置，同时考虑到预安装的设备并确保与遗留系统的完全互操作性。

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