锂电池和铅酸电池有何不同

The U.S. Department of Energy’s Alternative Fuels Data Center describes the two chemistries this way:
美国能源部的替代燃料数据中心这样描述这两种化学物质：

• Lithium-ion batteries have high energy per unit of mass and volume, a high power-to-weight ratio, high energy efficiency, good high-temperature performance, long life and low self-discharge.
  锂离子电池具有单位质量和体积能量高、功率重量比高、能量效率高、高温性能好、寿命长、自放电低等优点。
• Lead-acid batteries can be designed for high power and are safe, recyclable and reliable. Their drawbacks are low specific energy (less stored energy for their weight), poor cold-temperature performance and a shorter calendar and cycle life.
  铅酸电池可设计为高功率，并且安全、可回收且可靠。它们的缺点是比能量低（相对于其重量而言储存的能量较少）、低温性能差以及日历和循环寿命较短。

The EPA adds that lithium batteries can be smaller and lighter than other battery types while holding the same amount of energy, which is why they show up in so many portable products and electric vehicles.
美国环保局补充说，在保持相同能量的情况下，锂电池比其他电池类型更小、更轻，这就是它们出现在如此多便携式产品和电动汽车中的原因。

Flooded lead-acid batteries are the older technology. Trojan Battery notes they have been used for energy storage for more than 150 years and are still used in golf carts, UTVs, boats, RVs and industrial equipment.
富液式铅酸电池是较旧的技术。 Trojan Battery 指出，它们用于储能已有 150 多年的历史，并且仍然用于高尔​​夫球车、UTV、船只、房车和工业设备。

Battery chemistry is not always obvious from the outside, so check the owner’s manual or the label on the battery itself before following any care routine. The steps for one type can damage the other.
电池的化学成分从外部并不总是显而易见，因此在执行任何保养程序之前，请先检查用户手册或电池本身的标签。一种类型的步骤可能会损坏另一种类型。

Caring for flooded lead-acid golf cart batteries
保养被淹没的高尔夫球车铅酸电池

Flooded lead-acid batteries contain liquid electrolyte, an acid solution, and they lose water every time they charge. Trojan Battery explains that this water loss is normal: gassing during charging mixes the electrolyte and helps the battery reach a full charge, but it also lowers the water level. Most lead-acid care comes down to watering, cleaning and safe handling.
富液式铅酸电池含有液体电解质，即酸性溶液，每次充电时都会失去水分。 Trojan Battery 解释说，这种失水是正常现象：充电过程中产生的气体会混合电解质，有助于电池充满电，但也会降低水位。大多数铅酸护理都归结为浇水、清洁和安全处理。

Watering浇水

• Water after charging, not before. The best time to add water is at the end of the charge cycle, because electrolyte levels are highest when the battery is fully charged. The one exception: if the plates are exposed, add just enough water to cover them, then charge.
  充电后加水，而不是之前。加水的最佳时间是在充电周期结束时，因为当电池充满电时电解质水平最高。唯一的例外是：如果极板暴露在外，只需添加足够的水来覆盖极板，然后充电。
• Fill to the right level. For standard deep-cycle batteries, Trojan’s guidance is to top off to 1/8 inch below the bottom of the vent well once fully charged. The electrolyte should never drop below the top of the plates.
  填充至正确的水平。对于标准深循环电池，Trojan 的指导是充满电后加至排气孔底部下方 1/8 英寸处。电解液绝不能滴到极板顶部以下。
• Use distilled water. De-ionized water is acceptable, but distilled is preferred. Avoid mineral-rich water.
  使用蒸馏水。去离子水是可以接受的，但优选蒸馏水。避免富含矿物质的水。
• Never add acid. Add water only.
  切勿添加酸。仅加水。
• Don’t overfill. Overwatering dilutes the electrolyte and can cause acid to overflow, especially if it is done before charging.
  不要装得太满。过度浇水会稀释电解质，并可能导致酸溢出，尤其是在充电前浇水。
• Check new batteries monthly. Checking regularly after installation shows how often your batteries need water. A brand-new battery may have a low electrolyte level, so charge it first and then top off if needed.
  每月检查新电池。安装后定期检查以了解电池需要水的频率。全新电池的电解液液位可能较低，因此请先充电，然后在需要时加满。

Cleaning and inspection清洁和检查

• Keep batteries clean and dry, and make sure all vent caps are tight.
  保持电池清洁和干燥，并确保所有通风盖均已拧紧。
• If you see acid residue or corrosion on the terminals, clean it with a solution of baking soda and water.
  如果您发现端子上有酸残留或腐蚀，请用小苏打和水的溶液进行清洁。
• A protective spray or petroleum jelly on the terminals helps reduce corrosion.
  端子上的保护喷雾或凡士林有助于减少腐蚀。
• Check that cable connections are properly tightened. Trojan warns that connections that are too tight or too loose can cause post breakage, meltdown or fire.
  检查电缆连接是否正确紧固。 Trojan 警告称，连接太紧或太松都可能导致损坏、熔化或火灾。

Safety when handling lead-acid batteries
处理铅酸电池时的安全

• Wear protective clothing, gloves and goggles.
  穿戴防护服、手套和护目镜。
• If acid touches your skin or eyes, flush with water immediately.
  如果酸接触到您的皮肤或眼睛，请立即用水冲洗。
• Keep flames, sparks and metal objects away from the batteries.
  让火焰、火花和金属物体远离电池。
• Charge in a well-ventilated area.
  在通风良好的地方充电。
• Don’t lay tools or other objects on top of the batteries, which can cause a short circuit.
  请勿将工具或其他物体放置在电池顶部，否则可能导致短路。

Storage and cold weather
储存和寒冷天气

Trojan’s storage guidance is simple: batteries should be fully charged before and during storage, never stored discharged, kept in a cool, dry place and recharged before going back into service.
Trojan 的存储指导很简单：电池在存储之前和存储期间应充满电，切勿放电存储，保存在阴凉、干燥的地方，并在重新使用之前充电。

Charge level also matters in winter. According to Trojan, a flooded battery can only freeze if it is left partly or fully discharged. The electrolyte in a fully charged battery freezes at about -92°F, but at a 40 percent state of charge it can freeze at around 16°F. Keeping a parked cart’s batteries charged is the main defense against freeze damage.
冬季充电水平也很重要。根据特洛伊木马的说法，被淹没的电池只有在部分或完全放电的情况下才会冻结。充满电的电池中的电解液在大约 -92°F 的温度下会结冰，但在 40% 的充电状态下，电解液会在 16°F 左右结冰。保持停放的手推车的电池充满电是防止冻害的主要方法。

Caring for lithium golf cart batteries
高尔夫球车锂电池的保养

Lithium batteries skip most of the routine chores above. Trojan Battery’s lithium FAQ defines “maintenance free” as no watering, no equalize or maintenance charges, and no frequent terminal cleaning. It still recommends a regular visual inspection.
锂电池跳过了上述大部分日常工作。 Trojan Battery 的锂电池常见问题解答将“免维护”定义为无需浇水、无需均衡或维护费用以及无需频繁清洁终端。它仍然建议定期进行目视检查。

The battery management system

A lithium battery pack is made of many small cells connected together. The battery management system (BMS) keeps those cells charging and discharging correctly. Trojan explains that lithium-ion cells are more sensitive to overcharge and undercharge than many other chemistries, so the BMS monitors charging and discharging to keep the battery operating safely. Trojan’s own golf cart packs use lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) cells.

Charging and temperature

Temperature limits are built into many lithium packs. Trojan’s packs, for example, temporarily stop charging above 113°F or below 32°F and limit charging current below 68°F, then resume automatically once the temperature is back in range. Limits vary by manufacturer, so check the user’s guide for your battery.
许多锂电池组都内置了温度限制。例如，Trojan 的电池组会在温度高于 113°F 或低于 32°F 时暂时停止充电，并将充电电流限制在 68°F 以下，然后在温度回到范围内后自动恢复。限制因制造商而异，因此请查看电池的用户指南。

General lithium-ion safety advice from the Seattle Fire Department also applies:
西雅图消防局的一般锂离子安全建议也适用：

• Use the charger and cables that came with the vehicle or battery.
  使用车辆或电池附带的充电器和电缆。
• Don’t leave lithium-ion batteries in direct sunlight or in hot vehicles.
  请勿将锂离子电池置于阳光直射或热车内。
• Stop using a battery that shows swelling, physical damage or malfunctions.
  停止使用出现肿胀、物理损坏或故障的电池。
• Stop using it if you notice an odor, a change in color, excess heat, a change in shape, leaking or odd noises.
  如果您发现有气味、颜色变化、过热、形状变化、泄漏或奇怪的噪音，请停止使用。

Terminals and storage终端和存储

Lithium batteries are sealed and don’t speed up corrosion. Water, salt mist and similar conditions can still corrode copper cable lugs, cables or non-stainless hardware, so inspect the terminals regularly and clean them as needed.
锂电池是密封的，不会加速腐蚀。水、盐雾和类似条件仍然会腐蚀铜电缆接线片、电缆或非不锈钢硬件，因此请定期检查端子并根据需要进行清洁。

For storage, Trojan recommends a clean, cool, dry spot out of direct sunlight. Its packs have a storage mode that cuts the small power draw of the BMS and allows storage of up to six months when the battery goes into storage with more than a quarter of its charge. Temperatures above 77°F or below 32°F can shorten that storage time.
对于存储，Trojan 建议存放在干净、阴凉、干燥、避免阳光直射的地方。其电池组具有存储模式，可减少 BMS 的小功率消耗，并在电池电量超过四分之一时进入存储状态，允许存储长达六个月。温度高于 77°F 或低于 32°F 会缩短储存时间。

Recycling and disposal回收和处置

Both chemistries should stay out of the trash. The Department of Energy lists lead-acid batteries as recyclable, and Trojan describes them the same way. For lithium-ion batteries, the EPA says they should not go in household garbage or recycling bins, because batteries crushed or damaged in collection trucks or sorting equipment can create a fire hazard. For medium and large lithium-ion batteries, the EPA recommends contacting the manufacturer, dealer or company that installed the battery for management options, and following the manufacturer’s warnings and instructions.
这两种化学物质都不应被扔进垃圾箱。能源部将铅酸电池列为可回收电池，Trojan 也以同样的方式对其进行了描述。对于锂离子电池，美国环保局表示，它们不应放入家庭垃圾或回收箱，因为在收集车或分类设备中压碎或损坏的电池可能会造成火灾。对于中型和大型锂离子电池，EPA 建议联系制造商、经销商或安装电池的公司以获取管理选项，并遵循制造商的警告和说明。

Where to get help with golf cart batteries
在哪里可以获得有关高尔夫球车电池的帮助

Battery and charging problems are among the services listed on the Sports Center Golf Cars service department page, and replacement batteries are listed on its parts and accessories page. To see which carts are currently listed at the Crossville and Alcoa, TN stores, browse the golf cart inventory.
体育中心高尔夫球车服务部门页面上列出了电池和充电问题的服务，其零件和配件页面上列出了更换电池。要查看田纳西州克罗斯维尔和美铝商店当前列出的高尔夫球车，请浏览高尔夫球车库存。

Frequently asked questions
常见问题

Do lithium golf cart batteries need water?
高尔夫球车锂电池需要加水吗？

No. Lithium batteries are sealed. Trojan Battery’s definition of “maintenance free” for its lithium packs includes no watering, no equalize charges and no frequent terminal cleaning, though it still recommends regular visual inspections.
不会。锂电池是密封的。 Trojan Battery对其锂电池组的“免维护”定义包括无需浇水、无需均衡充电以及无需频繁清洁端子，但仍建议定期进行目视检查。

When should I add water to lead-acid golf cart batteries?
什么时候应该给高尔夫球车铅酸电池加水？

After a full charge. The only time to add water before charging is when the plates are exposed, and then only enough to cover them. Top off to the correct level once charging is complete.
充满电后。充电前唯一加水的时间是当极板暴露时，并且水量仅足以覆盖极板。充电完成后，加满至正确的液位。

Can I use tap water in golf cart batteries?
高尔夫球车电池可以使用自来水吗？

Trojan recommends distilled water. De-ionized water is acceptable, but mineral-rich water should be avoided.
Trojan推荐蒸馏水。去离子水是可以接受的，但应避免富含矿物质的水。

Can golf cart batteries freeze?
高尔夫球车电池会结冰吗？

A flooded lead-acid battery can freeze only when it is partly or fully discharged. Fully charged electrolyte freezes at about -92°F, while a battery at a 40 percent state of charge can freeze at around 16°F.
水浸式铅酸电池只有在部分或完全放电时才会结冰。充满电的电解液会在约 -92°F 的温度下结冰，而充电状态为 40% 的电池可在约 16°F 的温度下结冰。

• 上一篇：锂电池组与铅酸电池组（价格、范围、最适合）
• 下一篇：锂电池如何提高高尔夫球车的续航里程和充电效率